Non-practicing entities (NPEs), which have intellectual property but no actual products, include such august bodies as theHarvardMedicalSchool.

无实为机构“（NPEs）享有很多专利却无实际产品，包括很多像哈佛医学院这样严肃的机构。

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At least two other cases pit RIM against so-called non-practicing entities, or NPEs.

WSJ: RIM Settles Patent Battle With Visto

These non-practicing entities, companies with no operations, and contingency lawyers, would acquire patents and then go out and extort rich licenses from large corporations with legal claims, usually in Eastern Texas.

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Such non-practicing entities function as invention houses that conduct brainstorming sessions or continue to invest in developing specific technical innovations, with the patents based on those innovations becoming the source of revenue for the entity.

FORBES: Old Model: Patents Protect Products. New Model: Patents Themselves Are Products