The theoretical literature on patent licensing has mainly considered three methods of licensing: by means of royalty, upfront fee and auction.

一般来说专利授权文献中主要讨论三种授权方式：专利权税、固定收费和拍卖。

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Gene patents are potentially even more lucrative and the challenge here is the patent protection that prevents other companies from advancing genetic research without paying a royalty or licensing fee.

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