The higher initial strain hardening rate and higher strength of dual phase are attributed to rapid strain hardening in ferrite and the load transfer from the ferrite to martensite.

铁素体迅速应变硬化和铁素体到马氏体的载荷传递使双相钢具有较高的初始应变硬化速率和较高的强度。

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The model includes the effect of strain rate sensitivity, strain softening and strain hardening.

该模型包括了应变率敏感性效应，应变软化效应和应变硬化效应。

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The main factors such as pressure, the third invariant of stress tensor, strain hardening and softening, stain rate and tensile damage have been taken into account in the constitutive model.

该本构模型全面考虑了压力、应力第三不变量、变形的硬化和软化、应变率强化以及拉伸损伤等各个影响因素。

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