数学范例：墨西哥帽势能 在最简单的理想相对论性模型里，自发对称性破缺可以由标量场理论（scalar field theory） 来概述。理论而言，自发对称破缺一般是从拉格朗日量来探讨。
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The functional formalism for the effective potential is briefly reviewed for the case of a scalar field theory by using the method of steepest descents.
本文首先在标量场论的情形下，用最速下降法对有效势的泛函形式作了简要的评论。
Using wave guide theory, we deduce scalar approximate solution about transmissive light through a fiber weak-guide and give the expressions of field in each component.
根据光波导理论，推算出弱导条件下光沿光纤传输场的标量近似解，给出场的各分量表达式，以便分析讨论。
In chapter 4, According to the theory of scalar diffraction, firstly, the equipollence of spatial distribution of the plane-wave interferential field and parallel projective sine grating is discussed.
在第四章，根据标量衍射理论，首先讨论了两平面波干涉场的空间分布与平行投影正弦光栅的等价性。
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