Under a DB scheme, it was up to the employer to fill any hole in the fund caused by a market shortfall; in a DC plan, the employee bears all the market risk.

在DB计划项下，雇主必须弥补由于市场短缺而造成的资金缺口；而在DC计划中，雇员则需要承担全部市场风险。

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"A shortfall or a delay in funding could compromise achievements of 2004 and 2005 and the health of millions of people could be at increased risk" said Dr Guido Sabatinelli, WHO Representative Sudan.

“资金缺口或延迟资助可损害2004—2005年的成就并且使数百万民众的健康处于加大的危险，”世卫组织驻苏丹代表Guido Sabatinelli博士说。

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Expected shortfall (ES) is a new method for measuring market risk.

期望损失值是一种评估市场风险的新测度。

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You only risk having a future "shortfall" if you now decide to carry on with the endowment, rather than surrendering your endowment and switching to a repayment mortgage.

BBC: NEWS | Business | Ask the expert special: Endowments

Determine your current financial situation. (2) Figure out where you want to be at given times in the future. (3) Make reasonable assumptions about key factors like pay raises, savings, spending levels, inflation, insurance coverage, investment returns for different kinds of assets and the like. (4) Run the numbers over time. (5) Fiddle with the assumptions to cover any shortfall or, if financially set, to reduce risk.

FORBES: Bedlam