社会学习过程中,有各种社会奖惩(social sanctions)在我们符合主流性别逻辑时给予肯定(如女生会做家事),违反时则遭受责难(如小男孩哭泣时,大人通常会责怪:「男生不可以哭!
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参与者一旦违约会受到严重的社会制裁(social sanctions),虽然社会制裁的存在降低了违约行为发生的概率(Ardener,1964;Handa and Kirton,1999),但是仅仅靠道德上的约束是不够的,如...
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positive social sanctions 积极社会制裁
There are real social sanctions that occur when women initiate negotiations.
如果女人谈判的话,的确很难得到社会的认可。
Simon (1947) notes that the core of many of the more important social institutions consists of a system of authority, and a set of sanctions for enforcing the authority relationship.
Simon(1947)指出很多更重要的社会制度的核心都包括了一种权威体系,以及一系列用来加强这种权威关系的约束。
And, despite the international isolation imposed on it by sanctions, Iran is absolutely no cultural backwater: half the population own smartphones and are members of social networking sites.
而且,尽管国际上对其施加了制裁,伊朗绝对没有文化停滞:一半人口拥有智能手机,是社交网站的成员。
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