Volcanic explosion craters such as Dallol form during phreatic eruptions—where rising magma comes into contact with water beneath the surface of the Earth, causing a steam explosion.

像宽干谷这样爆裂的火山口形成于蒸汽喷发的过程中，在那里，上升的岩浆与地表下的水接触形成了蒸汽喷发。

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The segment of the boundary above the water table and below the phreatic surface is called the seepage face.

水面以上和潜水面以下的一段边界叫做渗出面。

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Stormflow consists of phreatic water, surface runoff and weather horizon-passing rain. The rise and drop of their discharge are consistent with that of the river discharge after rain.

潜水河雨后地表径流由地表下潜水、雨水地面上径流、雨水风化层径流构成，三部分水均随河道流量的增减而增减。

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