But most of topographical map database produced by survey department is only cartographic data, which is vector data structure, but cannot be imported into GIS directly to meet GIS using.

但测绘部门建立的地形图数据库多为单纯的制图数据，虽然与GIS数据一样是矢量结构，却无法直接输入GIS以满足应用需要。

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CASS, which is the topographical and cadastral survey system, not only can link digital mapping system and interface of GIS, but also customize the personal code and custom the cartographic symbol.

地形地籍成图系统CASS不仅可以连通数字化成图系统与GIS的接口，还可以实现简码的用户化和图式符号的自定义编辑。

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By methods of engineering drilling and geophysical investigation, this survey had ascertained the topographical feature of seabed, strata structure and physical mechanics property within survey area.

通过海洋物探方法和地质钻探施工，基本揭示了本区海底地形地貌特征、岩土层结构及土的物理力学性质。

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When the U.S expanded westward beyond the Alleghenies in the early 19th century, the topographical engineers, whose task was to survey the land into townships and sections before it was settled, immediately followed the fur trappers.

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