牛的口蹄疫能被无细菌的滤液传播。

Food-and-mouth disease of cattle could be transmitted by bacteria-free filtrates.

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研究人员称，自从冰川从湖中诞生，创造了这样寒冷，黑暗，无氧的生态环境时起，这种细菌菌落已被隔离了约150万多年。

The bacteria colony has been isolated there for about 1.5 million years, researchers say, ever since the glacier rolled over the lake and created a cold, dark, oxygen-poor ecosystem.

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这真是难以理解的事情。 因为此前我们知道仅有细菌可以在无氧状态下存活。

The professor said: "It is a real mystery how these creatures are able to live without oxygen because until now we thought only bacteria could do this."

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So bacteria that get an unloaded plasmid are going to have resistance to antibiotics.

得到无DNA片段质粒的细菌,就会对抗生素有抗性

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选