The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960 and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll.

ECONOMIST: The difficulties of an American doctoral student

Developing a complicated procedure to purify stem cells for human trials was difficult at Scripps, because academic settings and government grants support basic research, not the applied-process development required for such targeted research, and Friedlander didn't want to go the typical venture-capital route.

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