And it has a physical effect on brain function and transmission by altering chemical pathways, like those involving adenosine.

BBC: Coffee may prevent depression, scientists say

In the brain, adenosine builds up throughout the day, ultimately making us feel tired by the end of it.

FORBES: A Snapshot of Caffeine's Fascinating Effects On The Brain

It blocks adenosine, which produces a similar effect to increasing dopamine production.

BBC: Coffee may prevent depression, scientists say

It turned out that in regular coffee drinkers, a good number of these adenosine receptors were blocked by caffeine when the people were infused with it.

FORBES: A Snapshot of Caffeine's Fascinating Effects On The Brain

Adenosine receptors are found throughout the brain and body.

FORBES: A Snapshot of Caffeine's Fascinating Effects On The Brain

The Glaxo gene therapy program will focus on a severe immune deficiency called ADA-SCID, in which kids cannot make a crucial enzyme called adenosine deaminase that is needed to create immune system cells.

FORBES: Glaxo Brings Gene Therapy Back From The Dead