The event in Budapest on Saturday was billed as a tribute to what organisers called the victims of Bolshevism and Zionism.

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" Speaking of the Soviet-era constitution belatedly repudiated by President Yeltsin, Gorbachev lamented that "Such treatment of the constitution, when somebody wipes his feet on it, simply creates Bolshevism.

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According to Mr Roy, the Central Asian specialist in Paris, the Soviet regime was anxious to destroy the pan-Islamic and pan-Turkish ideology promoted by Central Asian intellectuals in the early 20th century so it could introduce bolshevism more easily.

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