Retrospective analysis should not be the basis of an FDA approval, of course, but it can and should be the basis to understand direction and general magnitude of an underlying cause-effect relationship, particularly when that relationship is already is well established i.e.
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Furthermore, healthcare consumption is not only a cause, but is also an effect of lengthening lifespan.
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There is no cause and effect relationship-only an association at this time.
It also suggests the amount of aerosols that humans emit into the atmosphere could impact tree growth, as high levels of aerosols cause "global dimming", an effect that occurs when the levels of light reaching the Earth's surface fall.
His is an existential message, disconnected from cause and effect.
When a drug is likely to cause a severe side effect--say, an increased risk of heart attack, an allergic reaction that causes the skin to burn or liver failure--the standard practice is to warn patients and doctors about the product's labeling, and to send out warning letters to physicians who might prescribe the medicine.
But last year sales started to drop due to fears of an extremely rare side effect that might itself cause a deadly heart attack.
But we now live in a time when power means being the platform instead of the source, when the town square is more important than the town crier, when influence is an effect of the media and not the cause.
Tighter border security can have an effect, but it isn't going to cause hungry humans to stay in place, especially not in these times.
Wars also cause an excessive focus on what the competitor is doing and, in effect, allow that competitor to dictate the direction of the firm engaging in that war.
He believes that the shift from animism to centralized religion, and from an egalitarian to a hierarchical society, was the cause and not the effect of economic change.
Nike also does so-called cause marketing through the Nike Foundation, which co-sponsors the Girl Effect, an effort to help adolescent girls in developing countries like Bangladesh and Ethiopia.
An anomaly occurred in the last half of the 20th century that appeared to give cause and effect where none exist.
"A 5mm (0.2 inches) particle striking a large solar array is likely to have a very little long-lasting effect, but such an object hitting the main body of a satellite could cause a vital component to fail, " he said.
This phenomenon is a spiral distortion of space which should if relativity is correct happen when massive bodies rotate. (In essence, such bodies drag space round with them.) Frame-dragging is predicted to cause an additional precession of one hundred-thousandth of a degree, perpendicular to that caused by the geodetic effect.
This was an observational study of roughly 16, 000 women, so it was not able to establish a cause and effect relationship between taking the supplements and death, but the correlation was significant.
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