In Germany, for example, disenchantment with what had come to be seen as an excessively cosy system of bargaining between elitegroups helped to spark an explosion of protest movements in the 1980s.
All elitegroups (apart from the armed forces, for which no data were available) were less likely than they were in 1993 to say that America should be the most assertive of leading nations.
Just weeks before the Mali operation, on Dec. 26, Mr. Hollande dispatched elite soldiers to the Central African Republic as rebel groups moved closer to its capital.
If both groups were not part of the same elite, and if French companies were more independent from the state, they would be much less vulnerable to its whims.
This may signify that the political elite in Peru is coming to terms with the fact that Peruvian indigenous groups are much better organized now than they were in the past.