Many bundling arrangements take the form of site-licensing agreements, under which companies or other organisations pay a single fee for unlimited online access to a database, say, or a software package.

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Curiously, individual customers turn out greatly to prefer paying a single fee for, say, unlimited text-messaging or 90 hours of telephone talk-time, rather than paying for each item, one at a time even though that might be a cheaper option.

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In exchange for an upfront fee, a bond insurer would take a bond with a midling investment grade rating -- single-A, for example -- and offer to pay investors what they were due if the issuer defaulted.

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