The team will work with luciferase, an enzyme common in fireflies as well as some glowing fungi and bacteria.
Without some sort of biocide, vaccines would become infected with fungi and bacteria and that would cause all sorts of problems.
Most viruses and a fair number of fungi and bacteria are parasites.
The bees were infected with just about every bee virus known, including deformed-wing virus, sac-brood virus, and black-queen-cell virus, and also by various fungi and bacteria.
Fungi, bacteria and viruses are largely invisible to the naked eye but not to the naked body.
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Researchers are developing recombinant yeasts, bacteria and fungi that may eat all the sugars, but no superstar candidate has emerged.
For generations, microbiologists had known that single-celled bacteria, fungi and algae survive thanks to proteins that respond to visible light.
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Their analysis revealed the presence of various bacteria, fungi and viruses that were lurking in the hives and the royal jelly.
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Therefore, it is intriguing that the bacteria and fungi best known for their ice-nucleating ability are also famous for their tendency to frequent clouds.
But that was before a new generation of bacteria and fungi resistant to existing drugs started wreaking havoc in hospitals--creating a new, potentially lucrative market.
The problem is that many common bacteria and fungi have evolved into being resistant to the drugs that have kept them at bay for a half-century.
Soil bacteria and fungi are particularly proficient at producing natural chemical weapons, apparently as part of a subterranean arms race to spew out toxic chemicals to kill rival species.
What was a surprise was that removing this nicotine did not diminish the oil's effectiveness against bacteria and fungi, and made it only marginally less effective against beetle larvae.
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Strobel scours the jungles for specialized bacteria and fungi.
Thimerosal prevented bacteria and fungi from growing in the vaccine (and many other products, for example while it is no longer used in vaccines it is still used in tatttoo inks, nasal solution products, opthalmic drugs, eye products, ear products, toxoids, antivenins, immunoglobulins, and skin test antigens).
Whereas adaptive immunity is thought to be a response to specific bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites, innate immunity has always been seen as the body's general response to all threats of disease.
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They also took what is known as a metagenomic approach, filtering through all the fragments of DNA present and identifying those that could have come from bacteria, fungi, or viruses.
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For these organisms, getting down from a cloud may be more of an ordeal than getting up: spore-releasing fungi tend to shed spores at the times of day and year when thermals are most likely, and bacteria are so small and light that the slightest puff of wind can send them flying.
The dishes are then flown back to the control boat where they are sealed and taken to be analysed in a laboratory to identify particular pathogens - bacteria, viruses, fungi.
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