"Neither WTO not GATT has direct effect in EU law", nor is the Common Agricultural Policy relevant.

BBC: Scotland

We know WOM has a direct effect because we experience it ourselves in everyday life.

FORBES: Quick: What Are They Saying About Your Brand?

Until this study, it was difficult to measure if what people say to each other about their brand experience has a direct effect on sales.

FORBES: Quick: What Are They Saying About Your Brand?

"The past two years have shown that no economy is insulated from a major financial crisis, especially one that has a direct effect on U.S. consumption, " Lowlicht says.

FORBES: Intelligent Investing Panel

The European debt crisis looms as a subplot to the game, and although soccer has no direct effect on European fiscal policy, the game serves as an outlet for the tension between the Greeks and the Germans.

FORBES: As Greek Euro Showdown Looms, Germany Showing Economic Strength--In Soccer

Although the UK is not a member of the single currency, 40% of its trade is with the eurozone and Mr Osborne said there were signs the continuing uncertainty was having a direct effect on the UK economy - which has seen sluggish growth.

BBC: Eurozone crisis: Osborne warns of impact on UK jobs

The Deputy Prime Minister, Nick Clegg, has again warned Conservative eurosceptic MPs that seeking looser ties with the European Union will have a direct effect on jobs.

BBC: EU isolation 'costs jobs, growth and livelihoods'