Long before their disagreement over Iraq, he and Rumsfeld had clashed over Rumsfeld's belief that high-tech warfare gave the Pentagon leeway to reduce overall American troop strength.
But during the Afghan war there has been a new toughness in the Pentagon's message to countries that long for the prestige and influence that may come from fighting alongside America in high-tech, high-intensity warfare.
Huawei and ZTE have proposed a similar approach in America, working with outfits such as Electronic Warfare Associates and other private firms that vet high-tech gear for the US government.