But job qualification was still a top priority, as evidence of poor communication skills, negative comments about a former employer and lies about qualification were the next most popular reasons not to hire someone.

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Mr Hagel was confirmed in a 58-41 Senate vote after Republicans stalled his nomination for more than a week, questioning his past positions on Israel and Iran and his qualification for the job.

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Second, the proxies for qualification are changing, and increased competition in the job market will push skills over signals.

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