By contrast, the current monolithic education system creates a system that contradicts both pieces of research for optimizing student achievement.

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But as techniques that every teacher will need to master, I hope that they, like our current factory-model monolithic education system, will be relics of the past.

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Nor is China's system as monolithic as foreigners often assume.

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For several years now I have been an unabashed promoter of online learning as a disruptive innovation with the potential to transform our education system from a monolithic one to a student-centric one that personalizes for different student needs.

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But can it thrive under the monolithic structure of a national healthcare system?

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Helping to point out places like this and think through ways to move toward quality for students without locking the system further into its monolithic origins would be a big help now.

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It would be surprising if there were not profound differences over one of the biggest issues China faces: how to adapt the political system, organised along Leninist lines and designed for a monolithic command economy, to suit modern China, with a booming private sector and fast-growing middle class.

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The last thing our education system needs, however, is another one-size-fits-none, monolithic solution that only furthers much of what is wrong about it in the first place.

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