Second, new products can be innovated, such as providing long-term financing to cooperatives, addressing working capital needs, and developing on-lending schemes to finance group members.
The government dammed some of the fiscal drains, cracking down on free-lending state banks and the issue of state and municipal bonds, for example.
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The Fed has also recorded a handsome profit on its emergency-lending programmes to healthy banks, as did the Treasury on its purchases of mortgage-backed securities and, so far, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation on bank-loan guarantees.
Back then -- this is long before the financial crisis -- Elizabeth was sounding the alarm on predatory lending and the financial pressures on middle-class families.
In comparison, creditors can earn 14.5% annually on five-year Lending Club notes, of which 4.9% have defaulted over the past three years.
Private investment should be further stimulated when the fear of future yen appreciation declines, and the constraint on new bank-lending diminishes as bank profit-margins widen.
The Securities and Exchange Commission, under pressure to curb the trading abuses that many blame for the severe market correction last fall, ended a two-day meeting on short-selling and stock lending Wednesday without making any concrete pledges to change regulations.
The finance ministry said that the French Banking Federation had agreed to go easy on homeowners facing difficulties with their mortgages, and to focus on lending on small-to-medium-sized businesses.
He said that the year-on-year rise in mortgage lending in January was distorted by the low levels a year ago - owing to the hangover from the end of the stamp duty holiday.
He successfully rode out a stretch of government-imposed tight controls on real estate lending in China with a double-digit increase in its Hong Kong shares in the past year.
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Limiting the losses on risky small-business lending requires a detailed understanding of local businesses.
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The move is designed to cut down on short-term dollar lending in Brazil.
In the past, these proposed policies, which have included higher down payments, bans on third-home purchases, and placing limits on bank lending, had little impact on cooling expansion.
Most borrowers on peer-to-peer lending sites are seeking loans to fund debt consolidation.
The lawsuit brought by the Laborers Local 265 and Pipefitters Local No. 572 says that is well below rivals like Vanguard, which passes all share-lending profits on to fund holders.
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He believes that the central bank's new credit guidelines, which include a limit on property lending to one-fifth of outstanding loans, would bring stability in the long run.
While that might not be a crisis in the making, it is enough to cause China to slow lending and put a choke-hold on real estate, where a lot of the lending was heading.
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The aim was to break out of collateral-based lending, making no-collateral loans based on evaluation of various risk factors.
Paying interest on excess reserves will initially sterilize the new high-powered money, without much impact on bank lending and nominal incomes, let alone real GDP growth.
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He also said the ECB had "decided to start consultations with other European institutions" on measures to promote non-bank lending to companies by trying to revive that side of the asset-backed securities market.
"It's not going to replace traditional bank lending anytime soon, but it will be an alternative for some, " says Dr. Thomas Meyer, an economist at Deutsche Bank Research in Frankfurt, Germany, and author of a research note on person-to-person online lending.
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He also said no government minister had asked him to "lean on" Barclays over its inter-bank lending rates.
In Australia, the government has shared refinancing risk on projects to allow short-term bank lending in the construction phase.
Five of the Federal Reserve's seven crisis-lending windows were closed on February 1st.
The McDonald book is remarkable for its relentless focus on the effects of a low-income lending ideology as a cause of the financial crisis.
The attractive margins on commercial lending (a gaping three-point spread between the prime rate and the Federal Reserve discount rate) don't alter this gloomy picture.
Since then, Mr. Wen has called for breaking what he has called the "monopoly" state-controlled banks' hold on lending and taken other steps toward shaking up China's financial system.
Since all forms of fractional-reserve lending are dependent on the perpetual creation of more and more credit that the system eventually can no longer sustain, it eventually collapses under its own weight.
Penguin, for instance, is embarking on its library lending pilot with e-book distributor (and German industrial giant) 3M, some say because it may not want to do business with OverDrive.
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