The Federal Reserve , via the largely passive issuance of currency: the issuance of Federal Reserve notes, created when the public chooses to redeem their on-demand bank-issued deposit liabilities for currency.
Denmark cut its deposit rate below zero in July last year, and in December, the Swiss bank Credit Suisse imposed negative rates on bank deposits to tame demand for the Swiss franc.
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The bank borrows from depositors from on demand (our checking accounts) up to perhaps 90 days (CDs perhaps).
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The bank cited growing industrial demand on ideas of a growing Asian and U.S. economy and investor interest driven by loose monetary policy.
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Retail investors, desperate to find alternative sources of income in the face of record-low yields on bank deposits, are another source of demand for corporate bonds.
However, such an overhaul should not have to mean a replacement or upgrade to existing systems, but rather a universal platform that connects throughout the bank, interrogating all the necessary data on demand, and using the latest high speed technology.
For others, it has been an absolutely vital way of ensuring private correspondence and, with more recent developments, being able to demand bank statements which allow privacy rather than relying on someone else to read them (perhaps a neighbour) at a time when confidentiality could be crucial.
The Bank said it raised rates because strong demand and upward pressure on wages threatened to increase inflation.
Today, China Construction Bank Corporation reported a 31 percent increase in profits on higher loan demand and higher interest rates.
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And it sort of got lost this week, and nobody has asked about it, but the United States dropped its demand that Israel freeze its settlements in the Middle East -- on the West Bank.
To stimulate demand, the bank could resort to promotional and pricing tactics that would weigh on margins and such a scenario could weigh on margins going forward.
Other questions covered topics including the effects of the Autumn Statement on jobs and skills in the green economy, the Green Investment Bank and reducing energy demand in households.
Put those two together, you get companies in the fast-growing sectors taking on workers to meet rising demand, because they can't get a loan from the bank, and companies in the hard-hit companies holding on to workers, hoping something will turn up.
Even banks like Bank of America are getting into the game with their latest mobile pay-on-demand product.
To keep borrowing costs from exploding, municipal borrowers sought big bank letters of credit as backstop guarantees on the shorter than they wanted variable-rate demand obligations they turned to.
The precious yellow metal was boosted by the somewhat surprising interest rate cut by the European Central Bank and by more safe-haven investment demand as the EU debt crisis drags on.
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Battersea, a London borough on the south bank of the Thames, for example, lacks sufficient state secondary school places to meet demand, and children must either leave the area or their parents pay to send them to private schools.
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The World Bank said on June 22nd that world-trade volumes, reeling from a drastic collapse in global demand (see chart), will shrink by nearly 10% this year.
But the outbreak of the financial crisis and the growing energy and raw materials demand from fast-growing economies had put rising prices back on the agenda and complicated the job of a central bank.
Second, the agreement between President Sarkozy of France and Chancellor Merkel of Germany to demand tougher sanctions on eurozone governments that borrow more than 3% of GDP may at last persuade the European Central Bank that it's safe for it make heavier purchases of - for example - Italian government bonds, as and when Italy is being shunned by investors.
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