One theory blames oxidative stress, caused by the onslaught of nasty molecules known as free radicals.
Mitochondrial DNA is much more prone to oxidative damage (due to its nudity) than genomic DNA (11).
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The environment of transformed and immortalised cells is one of extremely high levels of oxidative stress (10).
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One mechanism of oxidative damage is the nitration of tyrosine residues in proteins, mediated by peroxynitrite breakdown.
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These are oxidative whites beloved by wine nerds but something that a non-oenophile might think was a bottle gone bad.
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This puts oxidative stress on the brain and risks undoing all the good work those antioxidants have been up to.
Although carbonyl formation is a major oxidative modification induced by peroxynitrite, nitration of tyrosine residues is an indicator of peroxynitrite involvement.
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Evidence of oxidative stress can appear under other conditions, including exposure to certain environmental pollutants or infections in the urinary genital tract.
Overall, researchers found an increase in oxidative stress such as a significant increase in free radicals and oxidants and a decrease in antioxidants.
Since they're aged for 10, 20, 30 or even 40 years in cask, they're more oxidative in style not to mention color (hence "tawny").
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The protein could also increase oxidative stress, which it is believed damages cells by creating free radicals which then stimulate the production of AGEs.
Experts believe vitamins A, C, and E -- the so-called ACE antioxidants -- combat oxidative stress in the lungs that can lead to COPD.
He has conducted studies on living neurons which suggest that the tau protein is produced in response to oxidative stress, thus lending support to the protective hypothesis.
"Antioxidants can protect us against the oxidative stress in our industrialised world, such as pollution, chemicals, viruses and bacteria, and consequently cardiovascular diseases and cancer, " said Professor Aviram.
Each would carry a fluid doped with vanadium ions, but those ions would be in different oxidative states in the different channel systems at least, they would be when they entered the chip.
Moreover, the widespread occurrence of nitrotyrosine in neurons suggests that oxidative damage is not restricted to long-lived polymers such as NFTs, but instead reflects a generalized oxidative stress that is important in disease pathogenesis.
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Dr Lawrence Whalley of the University of Aberdeen, who led the research, said the explanation could be that smoking causes oxidative stress - cumulative damage caused by molecules called "free radicals" - to organs including the brain.
One study of biomarkers, for example, found that yoga influences brain chemicals by boosting serotonin levels, lowers inflammation, reduces oxidative stress and exerts a positive influence on other key elements of the human body that play a role in mental health.
Olive oil is also a rich source of potent antioxidants called polyphenols, which may help slow the progression of atherosclerosis (narrowing of the arteries because of cholesterol and inflammatory cell accumulation) by decreasing the susceptibility of bad cholesterol to oxidative damage and stress.
Existing lines of inquiry into prolonging lifespan are based either on removing the Hayflick limit, which would have all sorts of untoward consequences, or suppressing production of the oxidative chemicals that are believed to cause much of the cellular damage which is bracketed together and labelled as senescence.
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