There and in Rome, he acquired paintings and antique statuary for Philip IV.

NEWYORKER: The Reign In Spain

The identity of the painting's subject is not known, but it is thought the balding, bearded man in a stiff, starched collar may be Juan Mateos, King Philip IV of Spain's master of the hunt.

CNN: Previously unknown Velazquez portrait discovered

Diego Rodriguez de Silva y Velazquez (1599 - 1660) was the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV of Spain, and is best known for his portraits of the royal family, including his masterpiece, Las Meninas.

CNN: Newly-discovered Velazquez portrait sells for $4.7m

In 1341, in the Hundred Years War, an alliance was signed between Louis IV, Roman Emperor, and Philip VI of France at Vincennes.

CNN: Saturday, March 15, 1997R

Pope Gregory VII may have humiliated the Emperor Henry IV, as Innocent III later humiliated Philip Augustus of France and King John of England.

ECONOMIST: Medieval history

Some are distinguished by design or material, such as the nearly two pounds of solid gold that King Philip II of Spain attached to his profession of fealty to Pope Paul IV in 1555.

WSJ: Lux in Arcana | Capitoline Museum | The Papacy's Private Papers | By Francis X. Rocca

In 1214, Philip II of France beat an allied English, Flemish and German army under Otto IV, the Holy Roman Emperor, at the Battle of Bouvines.

CNN: Monday,