"We found that self-affirmation completely eliminates the effects of chronic stress, " Creswell observed.
There is no hard and fast rule about how often and how long one must engage in self-affirmation for it to work.
In fact, the chronically stressed participants who performed a self-affirmation performed as well as the participants who reported having low chronic stress levels.
They then instructed half the subjects to undertake a self-affirmation activity.
Moreover, defying the might of America is a form of muscular self-affirmation, to be contrasted with the unmanly British tendency to jump when American fingers click.
While research on the benefits of self-affirmation goes back several decades, we still don't have a good understanding of the underlying pathways or why it produces such wide-ranging effects, Creswell says.
"This is one remarkable feature of self-affirmation, " Creswell said.
The exception: those participants who had completed the self-affirmation.
These participants ranked things -- friends, family, a hobby or a religious value -- that were important to them and wrote down a few sentences about why their top-ranked value was important (this is a standard self-affirmation exercise, Creswell says).
As Creswell puts it, self-affirmation provides "an easy and portable strategy that you can roll out before you enter a high-pressure situation where you are required to perform well, " whether it's engaging in public speaking, readying for an important exam or giving a critical presentation to your boss and her boss.
This form of self-generated affirmation can also limit our ability to innovate.
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"Absolutely, and not only that, but in the self-radicalization process, you still need outside affirmation, " responded Rep. Mike Rogers, R-Mich.
It is an affirmation that duty, obligation, service, and not just markets and self-interest, are at the very heart of our idea of society at the heart of what it means to be a citizen of Britain.
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