To cut capital costs, Ruttenberg farmed out more and more of the manufacturing to nearby companies with surplus capacity.
It is no exaggeration to state there is an incredible amount of surplus capacity in the economy even though the economy has generated 1.5m new jobs during the past 12 months.
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Contrary to what the study seems to suggest, my understanding is that New York City currently has a surplus of electric power capacity and will continue to have a surplus for several years.
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GM, which has missed its profit targets in Europe, has been quietly refurbishing its old factory at Russelsheim in Germany, shedding surplus labour and capacity along the way.
Mr Wright, who took up his post six weeks ago, said the fact there was a surplus of prison capacity in the East Midlands would inevitably play a part in considerations.
Even though significant actions have already been taken to reduce surplus Ford assembly capacity with the removal of Scorpio in Cologne, majoring restructuring in Genk, the imminent transfer of Halewood to Jaguar and the closure of the Plonsk plant in Poland, the Minsk plant in Belarus and the sale of the Azambuja plant in Portugal, there remains a significant overcapacity problem.
Huge amounts of surplus labour and spare capacity threaten to entrench deflation.
The surplus has driven down capacity prices in New York City.
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Now, China appears to be picking up this newly available market share, a mutually beneficial arrangement, as Iran needs the gasoline and China has surplus refining and shipping capacity.
Worldwide steel production got schmeissed and utilities lived off their inventories of steam coal when generating capacity turned into a surplus.
The waste heat is converted into cooling capacity, and the small heat surplus is dumped into aquifers 300 m below ground level, where it is stored and recovered in winter.
The World Steel Association, a steelmakers' group, predicted early this month that the iron-ore market should stay balanced this year before moving into progressive surplus between 2014 and 2017 as new mine capacity comes on stream.
Government spending will lag the inflation rate creating a surplus which is needed to service the huge debts incurred and, over time, increase the capacity to take on new debt.
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