ECB's target, the adverse impact on unemployment seems to be at its greatest, lifting the structural unemployment rate by 2-4 percentage points.
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Since these men are more likely to be unemployed than the typical worker, they reduce the structural unemployment rate by being in prison and out of the workforce.
The Fed also noted signs of the troublesome structural unemployment, highlighting labor shortages in energy and IT sectors.
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As long as we accept the similarity between structural unemployment and long term unemployment, a connection that in the world of economic wonkery is generally accepted.
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One of the absolute biggest structural problems facing the entire West is that of structural unemployment and structural underemployment.
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Allowing long-term unemployment to atrophy the skills of workers would in turn lead to structural unemployment, and the Fed will do what it can to fight that.
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Specifically, we all want to know what the U.S. is going to do about the structural changes that have pushed the unemployment rate above 9%.
The high rate of unemployment in the United States is due primarily to structural problems, high marginal tax rates, minimum wage laws, the extension of unemployment benefits, the high cost of employer-provided health benefits, and uncertainty regarding future fiscal rules and regulations.
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Inflation does nothing to alter the structural issues that cause unemployment.
The Fed also pointed to signs of structural unemployment, noting labor shortages for qualified workers with specific skills, particularly in the energy and IT sector.
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These cost pressures suggest that the increase in unemployment is structural rather than cyclical, according to Ben Broadbent, an economist at Goldman Sachs.
Same for the debate about the extent or even existence of structural unemployment.
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That is one of the reasons why a high rate of unemployment has now become a structural condition in most of the developed world.
The drop in unemployment occurs even when structural factors are taken into account.
But look at any of these charts and they show structural unemployment at an all-time high, with the situation getting much worse the longer the duration of unemployment.
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Much of what economists know about structural unemployment has been gleaned from the sorry history of continental Europe, where fat benefits and rigid firing rules dulled labour-market efficiency.
For short-term unemployment, little has changed: the structural rate has been around 2% for decades.
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Our potential growth rate will be even slower, unemployment will be higher, and the structural hole in the public finances will be even larger, requiring the government to impose even greater tax rises and spending cuts to bring the national debt onto a downward path.
If most unemployment is cyclical, not structural, the Fed could theoretically help by stimulating demand with easier monetary policy.
One school of thought is that a high unemployment rate is structural and immune to the stimulative effects of monetary policy.
So even if Europe launched radical reforms now, structural unemployment would not fall immediately, as Britain's experience in the 1980s shows.
One articulate Political Science major from upstate New York explained that structural changes in the U.S. economy have led to growing inequality and unemployment.
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Bernanke also says in the speech that he does not think structural factors are a major driver of persistently-high unemployment, at least not yet.
Mr Obama has the dubious advantage of trying to cap pay amid a severe economic downturn, rising unemployment and structural changes in finance that will reduce pay anyway.
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The weakness of the recovery is mostly to blame, but there are signs that America may be developing a distinctly European disease: structural unemployment.
Lowering this new natural rate of unemployment will require structural reforms, such as changing education to ensure that people enter work equipped with the sort of skills firms are willing to fight over, adjusting the tax system and modernising the welfare safety net, and more broadly creating a climate conducive to entrepreneurship and innovation.
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