But unlike Global Insight, they use a proxy for the first variable that is not itself affected by the second.

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Was this because they were ignoring ROI or were just having trouble tracking it so were forced to use a proxy for success?

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Nevermind that white applicants had almost double the number of citations for previous work, an indicator many reviewers use as a proxy for research quality.

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In other words, we expect that students do have an incentive to minimize their costs (unless the subsidy program is set up in such a way to negate that incentive), though the fact that students use price as a proxy measure for quality in higher ed likely significantly dampens this effect.

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Some economists use this as a proxy for hot-money inflows.

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Oil and drug companies, among others, use it as a proxy through which to pursue their less popular causes anonymously, avoiding the pillorying they might incur if they spoke up directly.

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And its unemployment and employment statistics have not fared too badly by UK standards, whereas the CEBR analysis chooses to use only GDP as a proxy for living standards.

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To use a billiards analogy, investing in banks as a proxy for anticipated economic growth in a country is like a bank shot whereby a ball is driven into a cushion before it is pocketed.

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In other words, the problem is not the emphasis on shareholder value, but the use of short-term increases in a firm's share price as a proxy for it.

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The truly paranoid may elect to use the 2.4 kernels' Netfilter4 facility (adding stateful packet filtering) or a commercial application-level proxy gateway.

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