同行评议的历史悠久，其前提和基础是学术共同体。
Peer review has a long history, and it is based on academic community.
技术的定义有三类：较权威辞书中的定义、学术共同体的定义、某些哲学家思想家的自行定义。
Three kinds of definition of technology are given, one by the authority dictionary, one by the academic organizers and one by the philosophy thinkers.
英国学派是一个由经典理论家和批判理论家构成的封闭性和开放性相统一的松散的学术共同体。
The English School which is open but at the same time close to some scholars composed of the classic and critical theorists "."
影响一流大学的学术生产力的主要因素有：国家政策、学术共同体、大学学术氛围和大学教师及研究人员的学术水平和学术能力。
Some principal factors influencing the academic productivity are as follows: policy, academic community, academic environment in the university and research ability of teachers and researchers.
科研新手一般是通过其研究成果在学术界获得承认，进而逐步在科学共同体中获得认可并确立地位的。
Generally, the recognition is under the influence of characteristic of the novices station, the research outcome, the scientific community, and other effectors.
科研新手一般是通过其研究成果在学术界获得承认，进而逐步在科学共同体中获得认可并确立地位的。
Generally, the recognition is under the influence of characteristic of the novices station, the research outcome, the scientific community, and other effectors.
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