In the process, he triggered upheavals in computing, music, telecoms and the news business that were painful for incumbent firms but welcomed by millions of consumers.
在这个过程中，他引发了计算、音乐、电信和新闻行业的剧变，这些变动对现有公司来说是痛苦的，但却受到了数百万消费者的欢迎。
The risk for incumbent firms is that of the proverbial boiling frog. They may not know when to switch from old to new until it is too late.
相关企业面临的危机，如同谚语沸水煮蛙所述，他们不懂推陈出新，一旦意识到时，却为时已晚。
Research shows that when the market entry of potential firm does not happen, the best strategy for both of the incumbent firms is fully compatibility.
研究表明，当潜在厂商的市场进入未发生时，选择完全兼容对在位厂商双方来讲是最佳策略。
In many countries with regulated electricity markets, incumbent firms, many of them state-owned, can simply pass the costs of construction on to customers or taxpayers.
在很多电力市场受监管的国家里，很多现有的公司都是国家所有，建造成本被轻松的转移到客户或纳税人身上。
Excessive regulation that protects incumbent firms and other vested interests undermines market competitiveness and limits prospects for improved productivity and efficiency.
保护现有企业和其他既得利益者的过度规管有损市场竞争力并限制了生产率及效率的提高。
In this paper we study incumbent firms' compatibility strategies when market entry of competitive firm may occur by using a three-stage game theory model with network externalities.
文章构建了一个三阶段博弈模型研究了面对潜在竞争企业的进入威胁时，在位企业之间的兼容性决策问题。
And during the market which has the characteristic of network externality, the potential firm tends to enter the market where the incumbent firms take the strategy of products incompatibility.
在具有网络外部性特征的市场中，潜在厂商更偏好进入在位厂商相互不兼容的市场。
Maroc Telecom has shrewdly purchased incumbent telecoms firms in Gabon, Burkina Faso and Mali.
摩洛哥电信精明地在加蓬、布基纳法索和马里收购现在运营的电信行业公司。
Biosimilars threaten incumbent biotech firms such as Amgen and Genentech (now part of Roche, a Swiss drugs giant), which have billions of dollars of sales at risk, argues Mr Pasternak.
帕斯特纳克先生说生物仿制制药威胁到了现有的生物技术制药公司，如安进公司和基因泰克公司(现在已属瑞士制药巨头罗氏旗下)，他们的数十亿美元的销售目标现在都有风险。
Limit pricing refers to the pricing by incumbent firm (s) to deter or inhibit entry or the expansion of fringe firms.
限制性定价是指在位企业为了阻止或抑制进入或边缘企业的扩张而制定的价格。
Technology firms including Apple, Google and Tesla are investing heavily in autonomous vehicles; from Ford to Volvo, incumbent carmakers are racing to catch up.
科技巨头如苹果，谷歌和特斯拉正在自动驾驶汽车上投入巨额资金，而从福特到沃尔沃，传统汽车生产商们也在抓住这个潮流。
Technology firms including Apple, Google and Tesla are investing heavily in autonomous vehicles; from Ford to Volvo, incumbent carmakers are racing to catch up.
科技巨头如苹果，谷歌和特斯拉正在自动驾驶汽车上投入巨额资金，而从福特到沃尔沃，传统汽车生产商们也在抓住这个潮流。
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