The temperature scale that turns out to be well—defined and ends up giving us the concept of an absolute zero is the ideal gas thermometer.
理想气体温标它有精确的定义，并能引出绝对零度的概念。
If we don't have an ideal gas.
如果不是理想气体。
对理想气体就是这个。
就像理想气体在平衡态。
Ideal gas would be the same temperature.
而理想气体的话两边温度将一样。
This equation is known as the ideal gas law.
这个等式被叫做理想气体定律。
DV we're still going to write that it's an ideal gas.
理想气体的条件，也依然成立。
For the ideal gas, we know that u is volume independent.
对于理想气体,我们知道u与体积无关。
Let's use the ideal gas law to get rid of the temperature.
我们用理想气体定律，来消去温度。
What that means is, I've got my ideal gas in some container.
这意味着，我们把理想气体装在一个容器中。
And it's an ideal gas, pV so I'm going to replace pV by NkT.
理想气体，可以用NkT替代。
Now, it's a little bit more complicated than for the ideal gas.
这跟理想气体相比，会稍微有点复杂。
The ideal gas law may turn out to be a very good approximation.
理想气体定律结果，就是一个很好的近似。
It's like the ideal gas law, and one could know that in principle.
有点像理想气体定律，我们可以从原理上理解这点。
An ideal gas, and we're going to be talking about ideal solutions.
理想气体，我们将会，讨论理想液体。
What happened to the temperature in a Joule expansion in ideal gas?
对理想气体，焦耳-汤姆逊膨胀过程中温度如何变化？
We just treated the one case of an ideal gas as the temperature is reduced.
我们只是讨论了温度下降时,理想气体的行为。
And that's because this is different from what it is in the ideal gas case.
因为这一项，和理想气体中的对应结果不同。
In an ideal gas, it's reference to vacuum, basically there's nothing there.
在理想气体中是与真空做参考的，什么也没有。
And we saw that, you saw that the Joule coefficient for an ideal gas was zero.
我们会发现，你们也会发现，理想气体的焦耳系数是零。
Now, if this is an ideal gas, we know that pressure is equal to nRT over volume.
如果这是一个理想气体系统，我们知道压强等于nRT除以体积。
Assume that atmosphere is made of diatom ideal gas in adiabatic equilibrium.
大气可看成绝热平衡下的双原子理想气体。
And now we're going to specify, we're going to do a Carnot cycle for an ideal gas.
我们具体地指定一个卡诺循环，这是理想气体。
At the macroscopic level, an ideal gas is defined by a process of extrapolation.
从宏观角度看，理想气体的定义是由推论而得来的。
V So we can, instead of having the volume of the gas here, we can use the ideal gas law.
所以我们可以在这里不保留这个，而是代入理想气体方程。
It's kind of like considering the molecules in the solution to act like an ideal gas.
就像把溶液中的分子，想象成。
This looks just like the ideal gas, where the concentration replaces the partial pressure.
就像理想气体一样浓度，代替分压。
That it's equal to the chemical potential RTlogp at one bar for an ideal gas plus RT log p.
等于对于理想气体一巴时的,化学势加上。
You have to have a gas in there because of the ideal gas for the approximation that goes in here.
气体必须出现在相变中，因为这里出现了理想气体近似。
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