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Now potentially to some of the other things as well, but these are the main ones, and these links have been very clearly established.
同时它还和其他一些疾病存在潜在关系,但主要就是这几项,并且关系十分明确
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Valvular disease is not uncommon in the world; we'll talk about that a little bit.
心脏瓣膜疾病在世界上是一种常见的疾病,我们会讲到一些相关的内容
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Now in some--in the chronic respiratory diseases there's some infection but most of the other things are caused by lifestyle or by other factors, not the infectious diseases.
如今一些,如慢性呼吸道疾病,有一些是传染所得,但大多数,都是生活方式或其他因素导致的,而不是感染性疾病
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They died from other things: only 4% died from infectious diseases.
他们死于一些其他的原因,感染性疾病只占百分之四
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But there are other diseases that are numerically even more important.
但是从数据上来说,有一些疾病更严重
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Fiber is related at a risk for some diseases, particularly some cancers, and therefore the low fiber intake that we have now compared to what our ancestors had is a factor.
纤维素可以抵抗一些疾病,尤其是某些癌症,相对古人来说我们摄入量偏低,因此我们对一些癌症的抵抗能力就低
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This is one aspect of Biomedical Engineering, developing tools that allow you to understand how human's function and what's wrong when they have disease and so some of the things we've talked about have that category.
这是生物医学工程研究的一个方向,即设计那些能够让人们了解,人体的运转方式的工具,以及能够诊断疾病的工具,我们刚才讲过的一些东西就属于这类
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They live much longer lives and they live to die of something else and the leading causes of death currently haven't changed very much since 1997 when this data was published: they die of heart disease and cancer primarily.
人们活的更久了,不过会死于另一些疾病,如今导致死亡的主要原因,并没有太大的变化,自一九九七年有相关数据公开开始,其显示人们主要死于心脏病和癌症
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And so it didn't take long, once this vaccine were--was available, for people to want to get organized and think about ways of delivering this vaccine to all the regions of the world where people were potentially infected.
这并不会花费很多时间,一旦疫苗生产完毕,一些人就会组织起来,并想办法把将这些疫苗送往,世界上一些地方,那些地方的人很有可能感染疾病
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It worked for them, they didn't have all these chronic diseases like we have, now they had other challenges, infectious diseases primarily, but they didn't have the chronic diseases like we have, like cancer, heart disease, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, etc., and Diabetes particularly.
这曾对祖先们奏效,他们不像我们会得一些慢性疾病,但他们要面对其他的挑战,主要是传染性疾病,但他们不像我们那样受着慢性疾病的困扰,如癌症,心脏病,高血压和高脂血等,特别是糖尿病
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And this just is another list, I mainly wanted you to have it in your notes of diseases that are important around the world, for which there are very active programs to develop either vaccines or more effective vaccines.
这是另一个表,我希望你们做笔记时把它加到,世界上这些严重的传染疾病上,因为现在有一些项目致力于开发,针对这些疾病的疫苗或者改进式疫苗
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The other is that some places where the disease occurs the governments are not stable, or there might be civil unrest or civil wars and that makes it very difficult to orchestrate giving vaccines when there's other things happening in the country that are of more immediate concern.
另一个原因是,一些疾病发生地区,当地的政局不那么稳定,或者有动乱和内战,当在一个国家内发生许多,突发应急事件的时候,疫苗的分派发放会变得非常困难
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Or what - and often it's not going to be just one gene, it's going to be combinations of genes, and how do you predict the fate of the individual based on all of the genes that you know to be involved in progression of a certain disease.
有时候甚至都不仅仅是一个基因的问题,引发疾病的是一些不同基因的组合,并且怎样基于,导致某种特定疾病的所有基因,来预测一个人未来是否会患这种疾病呢
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So there's plenty of room to still innovate in that way, to develop new methods that could protect against diseases like AIDS or diseases like malaria that we don't have problems with here but they do in many parts of the world, and so we'll talk about that.
我们还有很长的路要走,研究一些新方法以预防艾滋病这样的疾病,或者像疟疾这样尽管在我国没有威胁,但在世界很多地方还很严重的疾病,我们也会讲到这些
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I want you to look at this picture, read the little bit about gene - control of gene expression - that's in the book, know that it's a big topic, that we're not going to talk about it except we're going to talk about some examples where control of gene expression can be exploited in order to treat diseases, for example. So I'll see you on Thursday.
所以我希望你能看一下这张图,读一些,教材里基因调控的章节,这是个很大的话题,我们不会进一步深入去探讨,但一些基因调控,用以治疗疾病的例子,我们可能还会在之后的课程中讲到,那我们周四见了
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