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This is because orbital debris travels at speeds of thirty-two thousand kilometers an hour or more.
VOA: special.2009.04.01
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This is the radial probability distribution formula for an s orbital, which is, of course, dealing with something that's spherically symmetrical.
这个ｓ轨道的,径向概率分布公式，它对于球对称,的情形成立。
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So here's the pneumonic I mentioned for writing the electron configuration and getting those orbital energies in the right order.
这里是我提到的,对于写电子构型,和以正确的顺序得到轨道能量。
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Nicholas Johnson is chief scientist for orbital debris for the United States space agency.
VOA: special.2009.04.01
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It turns out that the antibonding orbital is a little bit higher from the atomic orbital level than the bonding orbital is lower.
这证明了,反键轨道,比原子轨道高,成键轨道比原子轨道第。
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Now,everything was ready for an astronaut to make an orbital flight.
VOA: special.2009.06.17
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So you see in the hybrid orbital we actually have a larger lobe on top where they constructively interfered.
所以你们可以看到在杂化轨道里,我们上面,由很大的一叶相长干涉。
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Everything was "A-OK" for an orbital flight.
VOA: special.2009.06.17
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So we can go ahead and name our molecular orbital, just like we know how to name our atomic orbitals.
我们可以继续命名分子轨道，就想我们知道如何命名原子轨道一样。
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And so this lower level is called a bonding orbital, and it is a bonding molecular orbital.
所以能级较低的轨道叫做成键轨道，这就是成键分子轨道。
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So we can actually pop an electron or eject an electron from any single orbital that is occupied within the atom.
任何一个被占据轨道,打出一个电子,或者说发射出一个电子。
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And what you find is when you have a bonding orbital, the energy decreases compared to the atomic orbitals.
你们发现当你有个成键轨道的时候，相比原子轨道能量要降低。
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In an orbital is remember that this area right here at r equals zerio, that is not a node.
例如对于１ｓ轨道,记住这里ｒ等于０处不是一个节点。
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So if we name this orbital, this is an anti-bonding molecular orbital So we had bonding and now we're talking about anti-bonding.
这是反键分子轨道,我们有了成键，现在我们讨论反键。
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So we can also name this orbital, and this orbital we're going to call sigma 1 s star.
我们也可以，给这个轨道命名。
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We talked about the wave function for a 2 s orbital, and also for a 3 s orbital.
我们讲过２ｓ轨道的波函数，也讲过３ｓ轨道。
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That makes sense because we know that every single electron has to have its own distinct set of four quantum numbers, the only way that we can do that is to have a maximum of two spins in any single orbital or two electrons per orbital.
那个讲得通,因为我们知道每一个电子,都有它自己独特的量子数,我们能做的唯一方式是,在任一单个轨道中最多有两个自旋电子,或者每个轨道有两个电子。
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Here is a 2py atomic orbital, and it will react with a second 2py atomic orbital.
这是2py原子轨道，与另外那个2py轨道作用。
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Let's consider again an s orbital for argon, so let's say we're looking at the 1 s orbital for argon.
我们再考虑一次氩的s轨道，所以我们说我们在看氩的1s轨道。
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And then this means we'll have a total of sigma1s two electrons in our hydrogen molecule, so we can fill both of those into the sigma 1 s orbital, the bonding orbital. We don't have to put anything into the anti-bonding orbital, so that's great.
我们可以把这两个,都填入，轨道里去，成键轨道,我们不需要把什么放到反键轨道里去，这很好。
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This intuitively should make a lot of sense, because we know we're trying to minimize electron repulsions to keep things in as low an energy state as possible, so it makes sense that we would put one electron in each orbital first before we double up in any orbital.
这个直观上讲得通，因为我们知道尝试去最小化电子排斥力,从而尽可能的保持处于一个较低的能态,所以它讲得通,在我们在同一个轨道放入两个电子之前,我们首先把电子放入每一个轨道。
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so when we think about what it is that this radial probability distribution is telling us, it's telling us that it is most likely that an electron in a 2 s orbital of hydrogen is six times further away from the nucleus than it is in a 1 s orbital.
我们来讨论一下这个径向概率分布,告诉了我们什么，它告诉我们,对于氢原子２ｓ轨道的电子,最可能位置是１ｓ轨道的６倍。
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And then we're going to name the atomic orbitals that make it up, and it's being made up of a carbon 2 s p 3 orbital, and a hydrogen 1 s orbital.
然后我们要命名,组成它的原子轨道，它是由碳2sp3轨道，和氢原子1s轨道组成。
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So for example, if you know how to draw an s orbital for a hydrogen atom, then you already know how to draw the shape of an s orbital or a p orbital for argon.
举个例子，如果你们知道如果画,氢原子的s轨道，那么你们已经知道如何去,画氩的s轨道和p轨道的形状。
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The highest occupied orbital is now the 2 s orbital, 1 s 2 2 s 1 so we're going to end up with boron 2 plus 1 s 2, 2 s 1, plus the electron coming out of there.
现在最高的被占据轨道是，2，s，轨道，因此结果应该是正二价的硼，再加上一个出射的电子。
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The other thing that I want you to notice, is if you look at the most probable radius, for the 2 s orbital it's actually out further away from the nucleus than it is for the 2 p orbital.
另外一个你们要注意的地方就是，如果你们看它的最可能半径，2s轨道比2p轨道的,要更加远离原子核。
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This is sigma star with the antibonding orbital that came from 1s, and it is a molecular orbital.
这是sigma星，来自于1s的反键轨道,它是一个分子轨道。
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So, in this case, we're just drawing the molecular orbital diagram for the valence electrons, so we have three for each.
所以在这个例子里面，我们只需要画出,价电子的分子轨道图，所以每个有3个电子。
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So, I think we have these molecular orbital energies down, so let's move on to talking about more complex molecules.
分子轨道能量就说到这里，让我们继续来讨论一下更复杂的分子。
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What is this orbital? Yup. And there's only 2pz one correct answer here, which is to 2 p z.
它的轨道是什么？，嗯，这里,只有一个答案，那就是。
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