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He says his team's research is influenced by questions in evolutionary biology about why people and groups use costly punishment.
VOA: special.2009.03.03
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Literal punishment: for example, in the Code of Hammurabi, where someone's ox kills a child, then the ox owner's child is killed.
例如，在汉穆拉比法典里，如果某人的牛,杀死了一个小孩，那么这头牛的主人的小孩也应处死。
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I don't like that idea. Especially because in the vast majority of physical punishment cases,
我不喜欢这个观念。尤其是考虑到大多数体罚的案例，
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Missus Graham had to decide if the paper would publish the stories and risk possible punishment by the government.
VOA: special.2009.04.26
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It's the understanding that he can make things happen in the world; he can defend himself against his father's punishment through the use of words.
自己的价值;,凭借唇齿,他可以与父亲周旋。
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In schools, the punishment for cheating could be a failing grade on the paper or in the course.
VOA: special.2009.04.16
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And you consider the crimes that are punished by capital punishment, and the crimes that are punished by monetary compensation, and he feels this is quite revealing.
想想那些被处以死刑的罪行和，要求金钱赔偿的罪行,他觉得这些就很明显地显示了这一不同点。
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The Museum of Crime and Punishment has exhibits that explain how experts gather evidence at the place where a crime is committed.
VOA: special.2010.05.05
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What is punishment? To be thrown out of Eden, to be thrown out of this isolated condition of perfection.
是什么样的惩罚,就是被赶出伊甸园,被剥夺了这种完美的世外桃源生活
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Yet he says this message is often more scary for people than the idea that leprosy is some sort of spiritual punishment.
VOA: special.2009.10.14
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And you don't have to be too careful or fine about gradations of punishment in the state of nature.
而且在自然状态中，你不必,对实施惩罚的程度太过小心。
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Parents might sometimes withhold sweet food from a child as a form of punishment for saying bad things.
VOA: special.2010.06.20
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When it comes to humans, the notions of reward and punishment and so on that Skinner tried to extend to humans are so vague it's not science anymore.
说到人类，那些斯金纳试图应用于人类身上的,奖励和惩罚之类的概念,定义太过模糊,所以不能再当做科学来看待。
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He says international students would face the same punishment as American citizens for underage drinking in Virginia.
VOA: special.2009.04.02
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Whatever danger a particular text may pose to the state is outweighed by the greater harm of the official elimination of that text or by the greater harm of the punishment of the author.
这个文章对政府产生的威胁远远比不上,官方对这篇文章的打压的危害,和作者的批判的危害。
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The group with the most punishment earned twenty-five percent less than the group with the least punishment.
VOA: special.2009.10.21
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Behaviorism looks at the human entity, at the person as basically a collection of behaviors as a box, like a billiard ball knocked around by reinforcements, by punishment, by reward.
行为主义认为人的主体性，认为人是一个行为集合，就像一只被击打而四处滚动的台球，被增强，奖惩驱动。
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The results showed that if punishment was possible, the group cooperated better on the public project and donated more money towards its goal.
VOA: special.2009.03.03
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And, in a similar point, he maintains that punishment can never be used as an instrument of revenge but only for what he calls the correction or what we would call the rehabilitation of the offender.
同时他还认为,法律上的惩罚是不能作为复仇的工具,而当作为纠正罪犯过错的工具,即我们今天叫的,对罪犯进行改造。
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In India, leprosy has traditionally been considered a punishment for something bad done in a former life.
VOA: special.2009.10.14
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What do you think of physical punishment in school?
你怎样看待学校的体罚做法？
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There was no money for rebuilding. To add to all these problems, radical Republicans in Washington were demanding severe punishment for the South.
VOA: special.2010.01.14
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That is the punishment for the sin of seeking knowledge of good and evil and therefore of straining for divinity.
这就是为了获得区分善恶的知识,企图成为神灵,而受到的惩罚
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One music expert said: "Your Cheatin' Heart" is so sad, it sounds like a judge sentencing somebody to a punishment worse than death itself."
VOA: special.2009.11.22
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This was deserved punishment and the person who was saved was righteous.
恶有恶报,善有善报。
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Parts of this program are recorded in a studio in the Museum of Crime and Punishment.
VOA: special.2010.05.05
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I don't think it's vicarious punishment. I call it literal punishment.
我认为它不应该是替代惩罚，我叫它原义惩罚。
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The punishment will not change: violators cannot be jailed or fined more than one hundred dollars.
VOA: special.2010.10.11
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You'll sometimes see people refer to this as vicarious punishment.
有时候你会听到人们把它叫作替代惩罚。
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Often, even a whole polis, is paid punishment for one bad man.
整个城邦经常因为一个恶人而受到连坐
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