So the 3 s 1, or any of the other electrons that are in the outer-most shell, those are what we call our valence electrons, and those are where all the excitement happens.

它们是经常发生激发情况的,那也是我们所看到，我们称之为价电子，它们是经常发生激发情况的。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

We're saying the probability of from the nucleus in some very thin shell that we describe by d r.

某一非常薄的壳层dr内,一个原子的概率,你想一个壳层时。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

There is a huge difference between the energies in the outermost shell and the inner shells, which tells you that it's unlikely that any electrons except those in the outermost shell are going to be active.

最外层和最里层所具有的能量,有很大差异，而这告诉我们有一点是不太可能的,那就是除了最外层的电子,别的电子都是应该是活泼的。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

They have the highest average valence electron energy in any shell.

它们有最大的价电子能,任意一层都是这样。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

So here we're talking about v plus 1, so if we were to write it just for the neutral electron itself, we would find that the electron configuration is argon, that's the filled shell in front of it.

这里我们要分析的是正一价的钒离子，因此，我们先写出中性原子的电子排布，可以发现，其原子实是氩原子的电子排布，这些壳层已经被占满了。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

N so, we've got five electrons here in the valence shell.

是1s2，2s2，2p3，Nitrogen，is，1s2，，2s2，，2p3，因此，有5个价层电子。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

All in all, in the l shell, I have the possibility of eight different configurations.

所以总的来说，在L层,总共可能有八种不同构型。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

So there are two electron configurations in the n equals one shell, if we follow according to the selection rules that we spelled out last day.

如果根据上次课,我们阐明的原子光谱选择定则，我们就会知道在n等于1的那一层,有两种电子图像构型。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

Core electrons are all those electrons held in really tight with the nucleus in the inner shells, whereas the valence electrons are only those electrons that are in the outer-most shell, or at your highest value of n of the principal quantum number.

芯电子是那些,在内壳层被原子核束缚得非常紧的电子，而价电子只包括,最外层的电子，或者说主量子数，n，的值最大的那些电子。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

The other main difference that we're really going to get to today is that in multi-electron atoms, orbital energies depend not just on the shell, which is what we saw before, not just on the value of n, but also on the angular momentum quantum l number. So they also depend on the sub-shell or l.

我们今天要讨论的,另一个很重要的区别就是,在多电子原子中，轨道能力不仅仅依赖于，我们以前看到的外层，不仅仅依赖于n的值，而是与角动量量子数也有关系,所以它们也依赖于亚外层或者。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

s But it just turns out that the 4 s is so low in energy that it actually surpasses the 3 d, because we know the 3 d is going to be pretty high in terms of the three shell, and the 4 s is going to be the lowest interms of the 4 shell, and it turns out that we need to fill up the 4 s 4s before we fill in the 3 d.

但是结果是,能量较低,4s是第四层最低的，因为我们知道3d在第三层,是非常高的，4s是第四层,最低的，结果是我们在填充3d之前,需要先填充。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选