The last reported case of smallpox in the-- naturally occurring smallpox, was in 1977, a man in Somalia was infected.

最后一例天花报告,自然产生的天花,是在一九七七年,一个索马里人感染了

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So, it's awkward to have to wait for a cow to get infected before you can vaccinate a population.

在给人们预防接种之前,你只有干等着,直到有一头奶牛感染了病毒才行

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

The idea being if I find a pattern across multiple people's computers maybe all of those people are infected with the same kind of malware or virus or worm.

如果我从不同人的计算机中发现了一个模型,这就说明,所有那些人的计算机都感染了相同的,恶意软件，病毒或蠕虫。

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But it can be acquired in the air, from patients that are from- from other individuals that are infected.

天花会通过空气传播,通过病人和其他感染者呼出的空气传播

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So, this is a cell that's infected with a microorganism, it's infected with a virus, let's say it's infected with influenza virus.

这是一个感染了微生物的细胞,它感染了一种病毒,就说是感染了流感病毒吧

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One is that you got to get the vaccine from cows, so you got to have an infected cow in order to produce the vaccine.

一是,你若要想从奶牛身上得到疫苗,那就得有一头奶牛感染病毒

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What if I collect that blood from patients that are already infected with Hepatitis B, purify the Hepatitis B protein, and inject that back into people?

如果我采集那些乙肝患者的血液,抽提出乙肝病毒的蛋白质,并且将其回注入人体内,将会如何呢

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Think for a minute about what happens if you get infected with a virus.

想一想,如果你被病毒感染了会怎么样

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Well, one way to get proteins, and it was first used in Hepatitis B, is to find patients, find individuals who are already infected with Hepatitis B.

获得蛋白质的方法之一,也是首次用于制造乙型肝炎疫苗的方法,就是寻找患者,寻找到一些已经感染乙肝的患者

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So if you got infected with smallpox, you got the disease.

如果你感染了天花病毒,就会得这种病

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Now, normally that's a good thing because if you're out in the world and you get infected with adenoviruses you recover from it, your immune system can get rid of it.

通常情况下这是好事,这可以让暴露在户外的你,免于腺病毒的侵害,你的免疫系统可以清除病毒

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So, you would grow these monkey kidney cells in culture, you would add some virus to the culture broth, the cells would become infected, the virus would go through its life cycle.

我们在培养基中培养这些猴肾细胞,然偶加入一些脊髓灰质炎病毒,这样细胞就会被感染,病毒开始不断繁殖

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So, if you look in the blood of patients that are infected with Hepatitis B you find a lot of Hepatitis B surface subunits, proteins without the nucleic acid circulating in their blood.

因此,如果你观察一下,已经感染乙肝病毒患者的血液,你会发现许多乙肝病毒的表面亚基,以及血液循环中存在没有核酸的蛋白质

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And so it didn't take long, once this vaccine were--was available, for people to want to get organized and think about ways of delivering this vaccine to all the regions of the world where people were potentially infected.

这并不会花费很多时间,一旦疫苗生产完毕,一些人就会组织起来,并想办法把将这些疫苗送往,世界上一些地方,那些地方的人很有可能感染疾病

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There weren't people that got infected, like you can get infected with hepatitis B or tuberculosis, and not even know you're infected.

这不像人们感染了,像B型肝炎或者肺结核这类病时,都有可能不知道自己被感染了

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We talked about host cells that are perhaps infected with a virus, displaying pieces of that virus, antigenic pieces of that virus in the context of a surface receptor called MHC-1, presenting that.

我们说到过,可能受到病毒感染的宿主细胞,表现出病毒的一部分特征,病毒的抗原部分,其表面受体称为主要组织相容性抗原-1,MHC-1负责呈递抗原

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