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The manuscripts we find from this period are full of marginal notes where the scholars are chiding each other and saying, "No, no, no. It can't be that way."
我们找到了有大量旁注的手稿,学者们相互争论，互不服气“
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If both firms behave that way, prices will get driven down towards marginal cost and industry profits will suffer.
如果双方都采取这种策略,那么价格将会下降到边际成本,行业利润将会遭受损失
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And I think it made a marginal but real contribution to the possibility of normalization of relations there.
我觉得我们的贡献不大，但实实在在,帮助实现了两国的重新建交。
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This, I think you've gotten from other economics courses-- we have something called diminishing marginal utility.
我认为你们已经从其它的经济学课程中学过了,称为边际收益递减
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So that's the marginal improvement here and we've seen this syntax before.
所以这有少量的修改,我们之前遇到过这个语法。
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Zero profits, I'll make zero profits, so that certainly is a best response, pricing at marginal cost as well.
零利润,我将没有利润,所以这确实是一个最佳对策,也定价在边际成本
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How much profits will I make if I price at marginal cost as well?
如果我定价在边际成本我能获得多少利润
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Firm 1 is pricing at marginal cost, the best response if the other guy is pricing at marginal cost is to price at marginal cost or above.
公司1定价在边际成本,针对对手定价在边际成本的最佳对策,是定价高于或等于边际成本
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Now this is marginal cost or above so this is the best response.
现在就是高于或等于边际成本,所以这是最佳对策
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Pepsi's pricing exactly at marginal cost, what's my best response?
百事将价格精确地设定在边际成本,我的最佳对策是什么
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What does the marginal revenue look like in this picture?
这个图像中的边际收入是什么呢
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They only capture fifty percent of their marginal benefit.
他们只能得到50%的边际收益
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To price at marginal cost as well.
也将价格设定在边际成本
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The exact shape of the curve is subject to discussion, but the point of diminishing marginal utility is that, as you get more and more money, the increment in utility for each extra dollar diminishes.
这条曲线的确切形状还有待讨论,但是边际效用递减规律的重点在于,你得到的钱越多,每额外的一美元的增长效用会相对减小
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Suppose Firm 1 is pricing at marginal cost is this a Nash Equilibrium?
假设公司1定价在边际成本,这是纳什均衡吗
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That's where the marginal cost and the demand thing, demand lines intersect.
应该是在边际成本,与需求曲线的交点上
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Trouble is I haven't drawn the marginal revenue curve yet.
但问题是我们现在没有边际收入曲线啊
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It's where the marginal cost and the demand curve intersects.
边际成本与需求曲线的交点处
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Right, you can't actually see the marginal revenue here.
实际上你们不知道边际收入是多少
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The quantity where demand and marginal costs equal.
需求曲线和边际成本的交点叫什么
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It's important--that's one reason why we want policies that encourage equality of incomes-- not necessarily equality, but reasonable equality-- because the people with very low wealth have a very high marginal utility of income and people with very high wealth have very little.
这非常重要,我们需要通过政策,来引导收入公平的一个原因就是这个,不是绝对的平等,是相对的平等,因为那些低收入的人群,对收出的边际效应相当的高,而高收入人群的则小得多
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I won't write everything down because it's all written down on the homework assignment which is already on the web, but in fact firms are going to maximize profits, aim to maximize profits, firms are going to have constant marginal costs.
我不全写在这了因为它们都在,网上的家庭作业任务中写了,实际上公司是希望利润最大化,目的是利润最大化,公司有固定的边际成本
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We'll assume that constant marginal cost just as it was last time is equal to C.
我们假设固定边际成本,像上次一样等于C
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The constant marginal cost is c.
边际成本就是常数c
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If Firm II is charging C, Then a best response for Firm 1 is to set price equal to marginal costs, and if Firm 1 is pricing at marginal cost, then conversely a best response for Firm 2 is to price at marginal cost.
如果公司2选择了C,公司1的最佳对策是,定价在边际成本,如果公司1定价在边际成本,同样的,公司2的最佳对策,也是定价在边际成本
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