When Pavlov put food powder in the dog's mouth and saliva was generated, that's an unconditioned stimulus giving rise to an unconditioned response.

巴甫洛夫给狗喂食,狗会分泌唾液，这就是无条件刺激引起了无条件反应。

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What he would do is he'd put food powder in the dog's mouth to generate saliva.

他的做法是,给狗喂食，让狗分泌唾液。

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The powder you could ship anywhere, and reconstitute it onsite, and then it gets injected.

你可以把粉末运送到任何地方,就地恢复活性,并将其注射到人体内

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But Pavlov observed that when somebody entered the room who typically gave him the food powder, the dog--the food powder saliva would start to come out.

他注意到,当给它喂食的人,进屋时，狗便开始分泌唾液。

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And then they found that they could freeze-dry this preparation of virus, and freeze-drying to lower the temperature, freeze it, then extract out all the water, so you're left with a powder, basically a powdered form of the virus, that could be shipped all over the world, and then reconstituted by adding water to it.

研究者们发现可以冷冻干燥这些病毒制剂,冷冻干燥就是就是降低温度,冷冻病毒,然后提取出所有水份,然后就剩下一些粉末,这主要是粉末状的病毒,这样就能将它运往全世界,并可以通过加水来恢复病毒的活性

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选