We talked about attenuating in the laboratory, using cell culture techniques and what we know about mutating viruses.

我们讲过实验室中,利用细胞培养技术培养减毒疫苗,以及我们所了解的减毒病毒

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Botox is an injection of a molecule, or a complex molecule but a molecule, so in what ways would that be Biomedical Engineering?

肉毒杆菌素是一种注射用分子,或者说是一种复杂的分子,但它只是一种分子,它与生物医学工程有怎样的联系呢

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, for instance, there is a drug known as Curare and Curare is an antagonist.

比如说,有一种叫做箭毒马鞍子的药物,它是一种抑制剂

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

At the end of the dialogue, he drinks the hemlock and he dies.

在对话的结尾处,他饮下毒芹汁,走向死亡

耶鲁公开课 - 死亡课程节选

And so this is an example of a naturally occurring, attenuated vaccine.

这就是一个天然减毒疫苗的例子

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

This was not a naturally occurring attenuated virus as used in smallpox, but a virus that was attenuated in the laboratory, basically by propagating it in culture and looking for mutants that were formed as you propagated this virus under different experimental conditions.

这不是在制造天花疫苗时,使用的那种天然减毒病毒,而是一种在实验室中被人工弱化的病毒,基本上是通过在细胞中培养繁殖后,从这些培养出来的病毒中挑选出,不同实验环境下的变异体

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Here's where the intelligence of the immune system comes in, is that these cytotoxic T-cells that are generated only kill cells that have this signal on it.

免疫系统的聪明之处就在此,这些细胞毒T细胞,只能杀死具有特殊标记信号的细胞

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选