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That is the special category that Foucault wants to reserve for those privileged figures whom he calls founders of discursivity.
这就是福柯想为那些他称之为散漫性创始人的,特权作家们保留的特殊类别。
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And so, Rutherford had a fellow working in his lab by the name of Geiger. And, Geiger invented a detector.
卢瑟福的一个实验同事,叫做盖革，他发明了一种探测器。
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Aristotle is considered the "father of criticism," and yet he is also what Foucault would call a "founder of discursivity."
亚里士多德被认为是批判学之父“,但他是福柯承认的话语学奠基人“
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So I had classmates from Hawaii and Klamath Falls, Oregon So you were in the situation.
所以我的同学中有来自夏威夷的,来自俄勒冈州克拉马斯福尔斯市的,所以当时在那样的形势下。
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They were the same size in the 1850s, but Brive gets the railroad and not Tulle, the railroad from Paris.
它们在十九世纪五十年代还是一样大的,但是布瑞福修了铁路,而不是图勒,通往巴黎的铁路
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Well, of course,the most famous Greek case,I think of these things, is in Sophocles' play Oedipus the King, which illustrates it perfectly well.
尼弥西斯:希腊神话中司复仇的三女神的总称 关于这种情况,最著名的希腊案例,我想是,索福克勒斯的《俄狄浦斯王》,它对其进行了完美的阐述
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People living in Darfur are certainly less happy than people living in Denmark or the United States.
生活在达尔福尔的人,肯定没有生活在丹麦或美国的人快乐。
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Louis XIV was invited by his treasurer a man called Fouquet, to go and eat there.
有一次路易十四受他的财务大臣,福凯特的邀请去他的城堡赴宴
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Hoover Shoates got his head out of the way but not his thumb.
胡福-硕茨只来得及把他的头缩回去，却没来得及把拇指抽回。
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Learn the accomplishments of active life, take for your models not those people who spend their time on these petty quibbles but those who have a good livelihood and reputation and many other blessings."
学个谋生的一技之长，别学那些满嘴谬论的人,要学那些生活富足，声名显赫及福泽深厚的人“
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An alternative, though, is that there's separate modules, and this is a view developed, again, by Noam Chomsky, and also by the philosopher of mind Jerry Fodor, who claimed that the whole idea of a child developing as a single story is mistaken.
而另一种观点则认为是存在独立模块的,这个观点还是诺姆·乔姆斯基提出的,心灵哲学家杰瑞·福多尔,也同样提出过类似观点,这个观点认为,将儿童发展单独看待的整个观念,都是错误的
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We ended the day with Bohr's model of the atom, which derived from the conceptualization of Rutherford.
那天课的结尾我们讲了从卢瑟福的概念中，衍生出来的波尔的原子模型。
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He understood the interaction of particles of matter, and that's important to set the stage for the Rutherford experiment in Manchester about 10 years later.
他理解物质粒子之间的相互作用，这点很重要,对于10年后他在曼彻斯特搭设,用于卢瑟福实验的平台来说。
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In other words, Foucault is up to something interesting, and probably we should meet him at least halfway to see, to measure, the degree of interest we may have in it.
换言之，福柯在从事很有趣的事业，或许我们至少可以在半途加入他的行列,去看看我们是否也能对此有兴趣。
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And Rutherford, who I have already described to you as being a little bit colorful in his language, backed up Bohr on this.
而卢瑟福，就是以前我跟你们提过的那个,语言丰富生动的人，在这一点上证实了波尔的理论。
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But there is the opposite possibility, in the Beatitudes we read, "Blessed are the poor in spirit."
但是也有另一种可能性，《八福词》，里圣人讲，“虚心的人有福“
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And, Rutherford was invited to occupy the chair and be the director of the Cavendish Laboratory.
卢瑟福被邀请去担任,卡文迪许实验室的主任。
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Foucault continues, Instead, these questions will be raised: "How, under what conditions, and in what forms can something like a subject appear in the order of discourse?
福柯继续说，取而代之的，这些问题会被问到：“哪种情况下，一个类似主题的东西会如何,以什么形式的话语顺序出现？
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Because we're as skeptical about skepticism as we are about anything else we're likely to raise our eyebrows and say, "Hmm. Doesn't this guy Foucault think he's an author?
因为我们对怀疑论的怀疑,肯定和我们扬起眉毛质疑其他事物是一样的，我们会说：“嗯，这个叫福柯的人自称是作家吗？
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By the first century, when Christianity was coming around, it was not so much the place where you'd go to see necessarily high theater, like Sophocles or Euripides or something like that.
公元一世纪，基督教诞生时，当时的剧院,上演的并不是什么高级戏剧，比如索福克勒斯或者欧里庇得斯的戏剧。
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He'd come back, and Rutherford accepted him in his lab.
他就来了，卢瑟福接收他到他的实验室来。
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And, here's the Rutherford experiment.
这就是著名的卢瑟福实验。
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In fact, I don't quite know what he is saying" and struggled more than you're expected to because you anticipated what I've just been saying about the setting and about the role of Foucault and all the rest of it, and were possibly more confused than you might have expected to be.
事实上，我也不太清楚他在说什么“,然后你发现这比预想的更难理解,因为你预想了我给你们设置的背景,以及福柯和其他人的角色，然后可能会发现比自己预想的更困惑。
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In other words, Freud, Sophocles, all of the other versions I have at my disposal, have equal merit as versions, but none of them is a transcendental signified, none of them is a blanket term, and none of them is the causal explanation or meaning of the myth.
换句话说，弗洛伊德，索福克勒斯，还有所有其它供我使用的版本，都用同样的优点，但它们中没有一个是超验所指，没有一个是概括性话语，没有一个是神话的随意解释或意义。
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And, in fact there's a technique of analysis used today that's called Rutherford back scattering where people actually saw that this is a means of identifying the substance, the sample.
事实上这是现在用的一种分析技术,称作卢瑟福背散射,就是人们实际上看到的那样,这是鉴别物质样品的一种方法。
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Heck,he deserves to have his name on the board, Marsden So, Marsden concluded by his analysis that the radius of the nucleus, and this is Rutherford, by the way, coining this term.
见鬼，他的名字配写在黑板上，马斯登,马斯登根据分析得出,核的半径，这是卢瑟福，插一句，创造了这个术语。
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So, if you go and read Phil Mag 669-1911, you'll see Rutherford's model as it's presented.
如果你去读读1911年哲学杂志的的669页，你将看到卢瑟福的模型就和这展示的一样。
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For, as Rutherford has shown the assumption of the existence of nuclei, as those in question seems to be necessary in order to account for the results of the experiments on large angle scattering of the alpha rays.
因此卢瑟福,提出了原子核存在的假设，这些关于问题的假设对于,解释阿尔法粒子的,大角度散射是有必要的。
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But, before I go into details, a little bit more background about Rutherford.
在进入细节之前，先了解一些卢瑟福的背景知识。
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