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What we define as zero is the enthalpy of every element in its natural state at room temperature and ambient pressure.
我们将零点定义为每种元素,在室温和正常大气压下,在其自然状态下的焓。
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Remember, the state of nature is the condition that we decide to leave, and that's what gives rise to consent.
记住，自然状态是我们决定脱离的状态，正是因此，产生了同意这一概念。
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But the state of nature, for him, is rather a kind of thought experiment after the manner of experimental science.
但是对他来说，自然状态，是一种思想的实验,这是在科学实验之后。
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We use it differently now. But the fact is that the common or profane state is the natural default state of most objects and things. This table is just profane. It's common.
现在它的用法不同了，事实上,“普通“或者“世俗“的状态都是,大部分事物的自然状态，这张桌子是世俗的，它很普通。
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It's very water soluble and it's a big molecule, a very big molecule; it can't naturally get inside cells on its own.
它是一个水溶性极强的大分子,非常非常大的分子,质粒在自然状态下并不能自己进入细胞
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Hobbes wants this sort of dictatorship to keep people from brawling in the state of nature.
他希望建立一个类似独裁的政府,以制止人们在"自然状态"下的争斗
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And you don't have to be too careful or fine about gradations of punishment in the state of nature.
而且在自然状态中，你不必,对实施惩罚的程度太过小心。
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You remember, when he talks about the state of nature, he is not talking about an imaginary place.
你们应该记得，他所谈到的自然状态，并不是某个假想的地方。
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This is not to say, again, that the state of nature for Hobbes is one of permanent fighting.
这并不是说，霍布斯的自然状态,是一种永恒斗争。
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So these are the rights we have in the state of nature before there is any government.
这些就是我们在政府产生前,自然状态下拥有的权利。
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And the reason is that even in the state of nature, there is a kind of law.
因为即使处在自然状态下，仍受某种法的约束。
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This is the natural condition, the state of nature, the state of war that Hobbes attributes to, again, the fundamental fact of human nature.
这是自然的状态，霍布斯把战争状态归因于，人类的基本天性。
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And this law of nature constrains what we can do even though we are free, even though we are in the state of nature.
这种自然法制约着我们的行为,即便我们是自由的，即便是在自然状态下。
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The best place to start is, of course, with his views stated in the opening pages of the Politics on the naturalness of the city.
最好的着眼点当然是，从他在《政治学》首页,所提的观点下手,他所谈关于城市的自然状态。
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Maybe you'll now believe Hobbes if you don't believe me. So the state of nature, it's a state of insecurity, it's a state of conflict.
如果你不相信我的话，你也不一定相信霍布斯,所以自然状态,是一种不安全的状态，是一种矛盾的状态。
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So you are saying that Nicola can go back into the state of nature if she wants to but she can't drive on Mass. Ave.?
你是说,只要妮可拉愿意，她可以回到自然状态,但她从此不能在麻省的路上开车了？
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Well, I think, as the convention, it would be very difficult to leave the government because nobody else is just living in the state of nature.
我认为，按照惯例来说，想要脱离政府会是十分困难的,因为没有其他人生活在自然状态下。
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That would be one way of reading that Hobbes seems to, wants us to think about the state of nature as akin to a scientific experiment.
这就是阅读的一个方面，霍布斯似乎，想让我们思考自然状态,就像思考科学实验一样。
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The state of nature for Hobbes is a condition of conflict and war.
对霍布斯来说，自然状态是,一种冲突和战争的状态。
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And the fact that relations in the state of nature it's synonymous with making it a condition of war, of "all against all," in his famous formulation.
自然状态中的关系对他来说,与战争中抗一切人的状态同义，他在著名的构想中如是说。
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You want to withdraw your consent and return to the state of nature.
想收回你的同意，转而回到自然状态。
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So the state of nature is not necessarily a condition of actual fighting, " but what he calls a "known disposition to fight."
所以“自然状态“并不必须是,实际斗争的情况，而是他说的，“已知的斗争倾向“
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Hobbes' members of a state of nature seem to be in a classic prisoner's dilemma problem.
霍布斯自然状态的命题,看起来像一个经典的囚徒困境。
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Where else are we? Today we're going to continue the state of nature, Hobbes' most famous discovery, his most famous metaphor, his most famous concept.
我们今天讲什么呢？今天我们要继续讲,自然状态，即霍布斯最著名的发现，即他最著名的隐喻和概念。
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People in the state of nature may have regular and continual contact with one another.
在自然状态中的人们可能互相,有定期并持续的联系。
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From one point of view, reading Hobbes, his account of the state of nature seems to derive from his physics of motion and rest, in the opening chapters of Leviathan.
一方面，阅读霍布斯，他关于自然状态的解释似乎,来源于他关于运动和静止的物理学，这也在《利维坦》的开篇章节。
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We are free and equal in the state of nature he makes the point that there is a difference between a state of liberty and a state of license.
每个人在自然状态下都是自由而平等的,他同时指出，自由状态,和放纵状态是有区别的。
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John Locke accounted for the rise of private property from the state of nature by a chain of reasoning very similar to the one that Nozick and the libertarians use.
洛克从自然状态角度,解释了私有财产的兴起,他的推理思路,和诺齐克等自由主义者的思路相似。
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In fact, we can never be fully free of the fear and of the anxiety and uncertainty of the state of nature, even within to some degree of fully constituted civil society.
实际上，我们完全可以,脱离恐惧焦虑和,对自然状态的不确定,甚至在一定程度上可以摆脱完全文明的社会。
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It can signify battle, but Hobbes says it can also signify the will to contend, simply the desire or the will to engage in conflict, " renders something like a state of nature.
这可以表示为斗争，但霍布斯说这同样可以表示竞争的意志，仅仅就是参与冲突的欲望或愿望，这些构成了“自然状态。
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