The theoretical literature on patent licensing has mainly considered three methods of licensing: by means of royalty, upfront fee and auction.
一般来说专利授权文献中主要讨论三种授权方式：专利权税、固定收费和拍卖。
For patent is a kind of legal monopoly right, its monopoly right is easy to be used to restrict competition, and brings to many restricting clauses into patent licensing contracts.
由于专利权法定垄断权的性质使得其垄断权容易被用于限制竞争，因此在专利许可协议中出现了众多限制竞争的条款。
Two duopoly firms with the perfect complementary patents may conduct three types of patent transaction, they are no patent licensing, cross licensing, patent pools licensing respectively.
拥有互补性专利的双寡头厂商可以进行三种方式的专利交易，分别是无专利授权、交叉许可授权和专利联盟授权。
And the new patent licensing policy introduced by MPEG-4 is considered to be too harsh and unacceptable. Many such reasons urgently need a new audio video coding standard to be introduced.
而MPEG - 4出台的新专利许可政策被认为过于苛刻无法接受，诸多此类原因都迫切需要一种新的视频编码标准出台。
And the new patent licensing policy introduced by MPEG-4 is considered to be too harsh and unacceptable. Many such reasons urgently need a new audio video coding standard to be introduced.
而MPEG - 4出台的新专利许可政策被认为过于苛刻无法接受，诸多此类原因都迫切需要一种新的视频编码标准出台。
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