Ownership of files in Linux and access authority are closely related to user ids and groups, so let's review some basic user and group information.
Linux的文件所有权和访问授权是与用户id 和组密切相关的，所以我们要复习一下基本的用户和组信息。
NOTE Access implies a decision regarding the permission to review the documented information only, or the permission and authority to view and change the documented information, etc.
注获得表明针对评审文件化信息的许可的决定，或者查看和更改文件化信息的许可和授权等。
Services such as identification and authentication, authority and access control, non-deniability, confidentiality and integrity are the key elements for the security of the information system.
为实现信息系统的安全目标，需要系统能够提供相关的安全服务：身份标识与认证服务、授权与访问控制服务、非否认服务、机密性服务、完整性服务。
For example, when a mobile device client requests access to a back-end application, it sends authentication information to the issuing authority.
例如，当移动设备客户机请求访问后端应用程序时，它向发行认证机构发送认证信息。
Contractors, for example, are using freedom of information rules to access data about the thinking behind public authority tenders, or the bids made by rivals.
例如，承包商在利用信息自由规定获取相关数据，了解公共部门招标背后的想法或对手的竞标信息。
Contractors, for example, are using freedom of information rules to access data about the thinking behind public authority tenders, or the bids made by rivals.
例如，承包商在利用信息自由规定获取相关数据，了解公共部门招标背后的想法或对手的竞标信息。
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