Either there was some huge but unseen mass that was doing the job, or gravitational theory was wrong and gravity worked differently on cosmic scales.

To reach the ground state, physicists had to cool their beams to nearly absolute zero.They also had to make the quanta as large as possible by making a beam stiffer to increase its frequency.

To reach the ground state, physicists had to cool their beams to nearly absolute zero. They also had to make the quanta as large as possible by making a beam stiffer to increase its frequency.