Thus children who were not conceived in the marriage bed, were said to be conceived “on the bast” and were therefore bastards.

First-borns might score higher on measures of intelligence, because, at some point in their lives, they were only children who were the sole recipients of their parents' attention.

If you have a rural hukou, but you are trying to get married, have children, apply for insurance, get a job, or send your kids to school in the city, it could be much more difficult for you.