It was shown that the particle size distribution of lead powder played an important role in plate porosity, initial capacity and cycle life of the battery.

Furthermore, we study the effects of various rf frequency on the voltage at the electrode, the sheath width, the IED and IAD impinging on the rf-biased electrode.

The sensor consists of "compound electrodes"which has two pair of identical electrodes in size placed axially along a piece of pipe with different orientation.