Training includes foundational courses in anatomy and physiology, the principles of cardiovascular medicine, and the use of cardiac diagnostic equipment.

Results The case of PDA underwent ligation under normothermic anesthesia and the other 7 cases were operated upon under moderate or deep hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass.

For all these patients, the local cardiac surgeon and interventional cardiologist determined that equivalent anatomical revascularization could be achieved with either treatment.