Etiologies of respiratory distress are numerous and include pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary embolism, and exacerbations of chronic obstructive lung disease.

The effects of hypoxia and air microembolism on pulmonary pressor response and lung fluid exchange were studied in eight conscious goats with chronic lung lymph fistula.

Chronic bronchitis, asthma, hepatic abscess, pulmonary embolism or pleurisy.