The apical leakage is one of the most frequently come across reasons that lead to the endodontic surgery failure after retrograde filling.
2
对于不能用矫正根管治疗或用次治疗失败的牙齿，根尖倒充填(其将根管从根尖密封)是个良好的替代方案。
For teeth that cannot be treated with orthograde root canal therapy, or for which it has failed, retrograde root filling, which seals the root canal from the root apex, is a good alternative.
3
由于大量材料已应用于根尖倒充填，本文对各种以往在临床和动物实验中常用的根尖倒充填材料作一简要综述。
Numerous materials have been used for root-end filling. This article reviews on the suitability of various root end filling materials in clinic and animal experiment in the past and new.
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