The results show that hydrous oxide-type surfaces could be divided into two subgroups which have completely different characteristics.

ZrO 2 based adsorbent, the waste resin from thermo eletric plant loaded with ZrO 2 was developed, and its adsorption and desorption performance for fluoride removal were evaluated.

The recent progress of researches on supercapacitors using carbon material, metal oxides and conducing polymer as electrode materials are described in this review paper.